Ethical To Monitor Employees Whilst In Workplace

Ethical To Monitor Employees Whilst In Workplace The development of Information Communication Technology has created new ethical dilemmas due to the out-of-date moral, legal, and social boundaries. These boundaries can be represented by rules and legislation, laws and human nature. The expansion of technology has created a new era of office work. The majority of offices around the world are now filled with newly available technological advances; from personal computers to large network servers. This access to readily available technology has led to a blurring of the boundaries and has created new issues within the workplace. Over the last decade there has been an increase among employers to monitor the actions and performance of their employees. This is due to worries about; quality of work, productivity employee theft or misuse of company property. (Johnson 2008, p.1) One of the main ethical issues of the workplace is employee privacy and surveillance. This essay will address the following ethical topic; is it ethical to monitor employees whilst they are in the workplace? This will be addressed in several different ways to make sure that is analysed and evaluated properly. This essay will be constructed in the following way; firstly the definition of Privacy and surveillance will be cross examined. This is to demonstrate the vast area that this topic covers and to supply background information on the ethical issue of employee privacy and surveillance. This will lead into further background information regarding the aspects of employee monitoring, including; the implications of the topic and the methods employed to monitor employees. Once the background research regarding employee monitoring has been analysed the ethical side of the topic will be assed and documented before being summarised and evaluated in a conclusion. The main focus of this essa y will to create an argument regarding the issues of employ monitoring and to explore if they are ethically correct or ethically wrong. Since this topic is based around privacy in the workplace, privacy is a key term to be explored. This section of the essay will analyse the definitions of the terms and look for trends and connections relating back to the essay question. An individuals privacy theoretically descends from the concern of others who may have information relating to the person or is relevant to the person. The Oxford English Dictionary was used to give a rough understanding of the term Privacy. The dictionary describes the term Privacy as the following; a state in which one is not observed or disturbed by other people: she returned to the privacy of her own home the state of being free from public attention: a law to restrict newspapers freedom to invade peoples privacy (Oxford Dictionaries, 2005) This meaning relating to the topic of employee monitoring suggest that monitoring employees would be unethical as monitoring a person stops them from being unable to be disturbed or observed. The definition above isnt relevant enough to the topic above and should only be used as a rough guide. As a starting point for the topic of Privacy Schoemans definition will be examined, as it gives a basic understanding of the word. A person has privacy to the extent that others have limited access to information about him, limited access to the intimacies of his life, or limited access to his thoughts or his body. (Schoeman, 1984, p. 3) It suggests that to achieve privacy in the workplace a persons personal information should be contained with only limited access. From the quote it suggests that employees actions at work and outside of it should be only truly known to them. From this quote is it a fair response to suggest that once the employer starts to have access to the employees private information that it could lead to distrust and animosity in the workplace. From analysing this quote it suggests that employee monitoring in the work place is un-ethical, as it would allow others to have access to information about a person. Following Shoemans ideas, allowing employers to monitor employees would stop the employee from being able to control the access of their information. Another definition of privacy is defined below: The condition of not having undocumented personal knowledge about one possessed by others Personal knowledge consists of facts about a person which most individuals in a given society at a given time do not want widely known about themselves. (Miller and Weckert, 2000, p.256) This definition raises issues as it implies that a persons privacy is only relevant to the society that they find themselves in. This could be their home, workplace or on a larger scale, their country. A person should still be entitled to their privacy regardless of the society; human nature dictates that all humans have the capacity to have secrets or hide secrets. From this a person should be able to hide information from others regardless of their society. Relating this back to the initial essay question it implies that the idea of privacy would again make monitoring employees in the workplace unethical. It would allow the employer access to the employees personal knowledge, thus being unethical. This will be explored later when the ideas of privacy are linked to ethical theses. In the following section the aspects relating to employee monitoring will be analysed and discussed. This will be done by examining the following topics; the implications of the topic and the methods employed to monitor. Bassick suggests that in Employee Surveillance: An Ethical Consideration it is new methods of employee monitoring that is causing the ethical issues. Bassick states that the need for employee monitoring is down to three main ideas, these being; to maximize worker productivity, ensure the integrity the organization, and to protect the interests of customers and fellow workers. (Bassick et al. 2007) In relation to the topic of ethics it is quite clear to see why this has been turned into an ethical dilemma. Employers feel that they need to survey their employees as can lead to a more profitable and efficient business. On the other hand this can have negative effects on the employees as they can feel more pressurised, over controlled, restricted and unmotivated. Now the types of surveillance used by employers will be examined and analysed. This will show what causes the main ethical dilemmas, if the key areas of surveillance can be identified then it will be easier to understand what causes them. American Management Association (AMA) in 2007 carried out and published detailed information regarding to the surveillance of employees in the workplace. This information will be used to identify the most used techniques, from this it will identify how the employees are affected. From AMAs finding it suggests that employers main concern is Web surfing, with 66% monitoring the employees web usage. As well as this AMA found that 65% of all participating businesses used software to block inappropriate access to websites. Again this could lead to conflict within the workplace as employees could feel that they have right to access to all websites when they are not on company time, i.e. on a lunch break or after office hours. This could lead to the ethical issue of the freedom of information act as by banning certain sites it reduces the access to publicly know information. (American Management Association 2007) AMA also explored surveillance relating to keyboard activity, the report concluded that 45% of employers track the employees keystrokes. As well as monitoring time at the computer, AMAs findings found out that 43% of the participating businesses stored their employees files and work for further review and analyse.16% of all the participating businesses also record phone conversations. Relating this back to the issue of privacy in the workplace, this is in clear violation of it. By recording employees conversations it removes all privacy with relation to calls, for example, a private call from a family member saying somebody in the family is ill, the employer could quite easily be recoding it thus breaking the employees privacy. Of the 43% of companies that monitor e-mail, 73% of them use software to monitor emails and 40% hire an individual to actual analyse and review all the employee emails. (American Management Association 2007) again this could be seen as a breach of privacy. Whilst in the workplace employees tend to receive emails daily, the majority will be work related, but some wont be. For example, if an employee receives an email about a potential new job, but actually has no intention of applying for it. It could still cause conflict in the workplace as the employer might interpret it as the employee looking for a new job, this could then give the employer the grounds for dismissal. Persson and Hansson in Privacy at Work Ethical Criteria looked at the duties of employers and their responsibility is the prevention of third parties, from having access to employees privacy. Employers can state that access to their employees information is to reduce unauthorized persons from having access to it. (Persson and Hansson 2003, p.60) This would justify the reasons for having to monitor the employees but would still require surveillance in the first place. In the Ownership, Privacy and monitoring in the Workplace, Loch Suggests that many employers have the right to monitor their employees. This is because they are being paid to do a job and not achieving this is unproductive. She goes on to suggest that the owners of the companies also own the office supplies, equipment and technology. This gives them the right to monitor how the resources get used and what they are used for. (Loch et al. 1998) Relating this back to the initial question, it makes perfect sense to agree with what loch says. For example, if a person lends a friend a laptop to help them to do coursework, that person assumes that the friend will use the laptop to do the coursework. This doesnt stop the friend from using the laptop to do other things, such as, go on Facebook, or access illegal content. The person still owns the laptop even though the friend is using it, this means that the person can ask for it back at any time. They could also monitor the friend to make sure that they keep on task and only use the laptop for the coursework. From an ethical point of view the person could be regarded as a good friend because checking up on the friend could be regarded as being a good friend to make sure that they do well. But relating this to the workplace the same scenario can apply, as the employer monitoring the employees to make sure they keep on task could be seen as good bossing. The employers could also cl aim that by monitoring employees it reduces the risk of dismissal as the employees are more focused. Following Lochs teachings it suggests that employers have a right to see what their employees are doing throughout the day. The main reason for this as it normally leads to an increase in performance levels allowing a business to perform more efficiently. Persson and Hansson suggest that many companies track individuals keystrokes, email use, web site hits and their movements throughout the building to measure an individual employees efficiency. (Persson and Hansson 2003) the ethical implications of this are that it can lead to mistrust and conflict within the workplace; this could lead to an unmotivated workforce. Through the analyse of the types of employee monitoring and the implications of this in the workplace, it appears that it can be argued by both. Employers can argue that surveillance is necessary to workplace productive and efficiency, whilst protecting employees from third party access. Whereas employees can argue that it is a breach of privacy and that employers shouldnt be allowed to survey staff as it can have a negative effect on the workplace. To further this argument employee defence must also be considered, this will be carried out by looking at the ethical implications of the topic. In the 2005 American Management Association survey it concluded that there is no official legislation that makes employee surveillance illegal. But the majority of employees regard it as unethical and an invasion of their privacy. (American Management Association 2005) This could be due to the fact that a lot of employees arent aware that they are being surveyed at work, this is then regarded as an ethical dilemma because employees feel that it is their right to know if they are being monitored or not. Firstly, Miller in Privacy, the Workplace and the Internet In addition stated that employees being monitored can suffer from; poor health, stress, and morale problems compared to other employees. Again this raises further ethical implications, is it ethical to monitor employees when it could lead to health implications. This again is a fine line, as some employers will argue that surveillance is a necessity and that the health implications are treatable. Whereas employees will argue that their health is of more importance that the profit of the company, certainly it is an issue, but many companies are happy to overlook a problem to maximise a turnover. Another ethical implication relating to ethics in the workplace relates to employer-employee trust. Trust can be important in a workplace, as employers must trust employees on a daily basis to carry out their job tasks, to meet deadlines and to cooperate with other employees in the workplace. Employees also feel that not only is surveillance a breach of their privacy but an invasion of their personal space. Miller again identifies this; There are other important things in life besides efficiency and profitability. In particular, there is the right to privacy. The existence of the right to privacy, and related rights such as confidentiality and autonomy, is sufficient to undermine extreme views such as the view that employees ought to be under surveillance every minute of the day. (Miller and Weckert, 2000) Employee surveillance is unethical because it takes away many of the rights addressed within this theory. One right stripped away from employees through surveillance is the right to make you own choices. Companies purposely adopt e-mail monitoring, website screening, and GPS tracking technology to eliminate employees rights to choose what they want to do.8 Companies do have a need to protect their organizational interests, but forcing employees to act a certain way through surveillance is not the ethical way to control behavior.7 Instead of cameras and monitoring software, an employer following the rights approach should encourage correct behavior by stating what is expected of the employees and then giving them choice to act in a way they feel is right 8. Employers often tell employees when they are being monitored. What employers often do not tell employees is the extent of the surveillance taking place.2 For example, it is common for a business to state they use e-mail surveillance software but not describe what is appropriate to include in an e-mail, whether or not they are consistently reviewing e-mails, and if they are storing the e-mails for future use. By withholding information, companies are violating the employees right to be told the truth.8 Any employer that purposely omits pertinent information is acting unethically. According to the rights approach, companies must not hide any information from an employee. If employee surveillance must be used, it is only right to let the worker know exactly what the companys policy is on using monitoring technology.8 (Bassick et al. 2007) Another ethical theory which emphasizes the process of moral character development is virtue ethics. Within this framework, morality is not guided by rules or rights but instead by the concept of character.9 Character, which consists of honesty, fairness, compassion and generosity, drives members of an organization to concern themselves with what to be, as opposed to what to do.9 Virtue based ethics seeks to produce excellent persons who both act well and serve as examples to inspire others.9 Actors, those making the ethical decisions, focus on whether rights are deserved as opposed to what the rule book implicitly states.10 Under this theory, privacy can be considered a right that employees deserve. Companies implementing this ethical guidance believe that workers know how to act and display themselves with great character. Therefore, surveillance is unnecessary because employees behaviour and decisions will be consistent with the actions of a good person 10. (Knights 2006) 9 (Everett 2006) 10 Conclusion Technology is an amazing phenomenon. Never before has the human race been so dependent on instruments and gadgets to get through their everyday life. There is no doubt that these advancements have increased the standard of living and made many of our everyday activities far more convenient. With this convenience has come a greater threat of privacy invasion. Simply because a new technology has increased our potential, does not make these new abilities ethical. As citizens of the United States, whether stated by law or a common ethical framework, deserve the right to keep certain things private. There is currently a vague line that distinguishes what is and is not considered private material, information, or knowledge. In order to give all citizens equal rights these definitions must be more clearly stated and understood by all. The ambiguity that currently exists between employer surveillance programs and employee knowledge of such monitoring must be eliminated. More than anything it is important that people know what activity is being watched and what is not. As our abilities increase, our moral and ethical thinking must accompany this growth. We must have a sense of responsibility to maintain two of the greatest natural rights that we posses; privacy and autonomy.

Nontariff barries Essay

In the Xia case, if the WTO were to rule in favor of Brazil, which of the WTO trade agreements would contain the justification and why? Answer: Brazil banned imports of Xia goods from China because there was allegations and unconfirmed speculation pertaining to China’s use of hazardous materials (for example, lead paint and potentially carcinogenic plastic and rubbers) to manufacture toys cheaply, which sparked consumer panic around the globe. The imports of Xia goods were banned until the test was performed to guarantee that these goods do not possess any health risk. The Chinese government completely refuted this claim and fearing that other country might follow the similar pattern, took the matter before WTO for resolution. If WTO were to rule in favor of Brazil, it would justify it on the basis of â€Å"Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT)†. This agreement is intended that technical regulations, standards and procedures of conformity assessment do not unnecessarily international trade barriers, while recognizing the right of Members to take regulatory measures to achieve its legitimate objectives, including: the imperatives of national security, the requirements in terms of quality, the protection of human health or safety and the life or health of animals, plant life, environmental protection and prevention practices likely to mislead. (Fliess and Schonfeld, 2011) TBT Agreement applies to: †¢Technical regulations: These are measures that establish the features of a product and the processes and production methods which compliance is mandatory. †¢Standards: These are measures approved by a recognized body that provide, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for products and processes and production methods which compliance is voluntary. †¢The procedures for conformity assessment: procedures that are used, directly or indirectly, to determine that relevant requirements in technical regulations or standards are fulfilled. These measures should be applied only to extent necessary to protect human, plan or animal life and should be based on scientific principles. Since Xia goods are alleged to have some health risks, the temporary ban on its import was justified until it was provided that it is free of health hazards. 2.If the details of the Xia case were indeed presented to the WTO, explain what the WTO ruling would most likely be and why. Answer:  The objective of the dispute settlement mechanism is to secure a positive solution to a dispute. This is clearly to be preferred to a mutually acceptable to the parties to the dispute and consistent with the covered agreements. Failure to reach a mutually agreed solution, the first objective of the dispute settlement mechanism is usually to secure the withdrawal of the measures concerned if these are found to be inconsistent with the provisions of any of the covered agreements. Do not resort to compensation only where it is not feasible immediately suppress inconsistent with a covered agreement and as a temporary measure pending the withdrawal. The last resort which this Understanding to the Member invoking the dispute settlement procedures is the possibility of suspending a discriminatory manner against another Member, the application of concessions or other obligations under the covered agreements provided that the DSB authorize the adoption of these measures. (Raghavan, 2000). If it is indeed proved that Xia goods are manufactured from hazardous materials, the ruling of WTO is likely to be in favor of Brazil. In such a case, WTO is likely to define an international standard for Xia’s goods to be exported to other countries. If the quality of product falls below this minimum standard, the ban on imports will be justifiable. On the other hand, if goods from China are meeting these standards, the ruling would be in favor of China and Brazil would not be able to restrict its import. 3.In the soybean case, what was the measure adopted by the Chinese government to protect soybean farmers from import surges, and what are the WTO parameters for instituting such measures? Answer: China imported 49% of Brazil’s soybean sued until July 2012. These were 17.1 million tones from 34.9 Total you bought. Thus, the South American country is located on the first exporter of oilseed Asian giant, the largest global importer of the product. (Kassai and Colitt, 2013) Brazilian soybean exports to China were being used to feed domestic cattle and poultry stocks in China. This rise in the demand for soybeans reflected the discovery by animal nutritionists that combining 1 part soybean meal with 4 parts grain, usually corn, in feed rations would sharply boost the efficiency with which livestock and poultry converted grain into animal protein. Chinese government restricted imports on soybean and argued that surge of imported soybeans and its lower cost were negatively affecting the livelihood of domestic coastal farmers who were being forced to increase the domestic price of soybean to offset crop losses from flooding. Here, the Chinese government has used â€Å"Agreement on Safeguard† to protect soybean farmers from import surges. Such measures are used when increased import of particular products seriously threatens the importing country’s domestic industry. WTO parameters for instituting such measures: a) Imports must have serious implications for domestic industry b) Measures should only be temporary c) Should not be discrimination while imposing such measures on different countries. 4. If the details of the soybean case were indeed presented to the WTO, explain what the WTO ruling would most likely be and why. Answer: The Chinese government would reduce or eliminate the quotas and other measures which until now have protected domestic production of soybeans from cheaper imports. China’s consumption of soybeans ballooned by more than 160% between 2000 and 2011 when import barriers were removed, but the area planted with soybeans declined by 20% during those same years. Chinese farmers were simply unable to compete with imported soybeans that were RMB 300 to 600 (US$45-90) cheaper per ton than domestic beans. Imported soybeans now account for three-quarters of the soybeans processed into cooking oil and feed in China, the products of soybean crushing. If China is able to prove that domestic soybean producers are not able to survive because of low cost imports from Brazil, the WTO ruling would be in favor of China and such measures would be upheld. However, if such measures were used as retaliation to Brazilian ban on Chinese toys, the WTO ruling would be in favor of Brazil and China would not be able to restrict import of Soybean from Brazil. REFERENCES Raghavan, Chakravarthi (2000). The World Trade Organization and its Dispute Settlement System. Retrieved from: http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/tilting.htm Kassai Lucia, Colitt Raymond. (2013). Brazil Soy Boom Bottlenecked as China Left Waiting: Commodities. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/ Busch, Marc L. Eric Reinhardt (2003), â€Å"Developing Countries and GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement†, Journal of World Trade 37(4) Filess Barbara, Schonfeld Raymond, (2011). Using International Standards in Regulations. OECD Provides a New Tool for Governments. Retrieved from: http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/MJ_2011/perspective_mj11.html World Trade Organization. (2014). Technical barriers to trade. Retrieved from: http://www.wto.org World Trade Organization. (2014). Agreement on Safeguards. Retrieved from: http://www.wto.org

Reader’s Interest in The Crucible Essay

The Crucible takes place in Salem, a small town in seventeenth century Massachusetts, where religion, fear and hysteria ultimately lead to the famous witchcraft trials in 1692. At the time The Crucible was produced, Senator Joseph McCarthy was in power as the chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee. Due to relative events and the paranoid hunting of pro-communists, The Crucible is seen to be a metaphor for the McCarthy era. Throughout The Crucible, Miller employs several techniques and writing styles to create tension and suspense and to stimulate the audience’s interest. The most important reason why The Crucible retains the interest of the audience is because the plot maintains a slow burning, yet consistent pace. Act one is a prime example of how information is released gradually and atmospherically. The very start of the play leaves us oblivious to what has happened, with Parris praying over his inert daughter. This is a great method to grab the audience’s attention immediately as we are in the dark right from the start, and naturally are curious about what has happened. As the act progresses, patches of information are revealed, but the uncertainty and contradiction present engages the audience as they are forced to decipher for themselves the truth; at one point Abigail is denying all charges profusely: ‘We did dance, uncle, and when you leaped out of the bush so suddenly, Betty was frightened and then she fainted. And there’s the whole of it. ‘ However, later, as other charges are brought about, she concedes to them. This way the story keeps momentum as well as suspense. Act 2 employs the same technique to maintain tension when Mary Warren comes home and the information in reference to the court is informed to us. Acts 3 and 4 stay true to this structure and a good example is in act 4 when John Proctor is undecided over his confession, whether or not to sign it- ‘No, it is not the same! What others say and what I sign to is not the same! ‘ The audience is on tenterhooks, hoping he will sign (or perhaps not, in some cases). Another main element to The Crucible, which engrosses the audience, is the technique of dramatic irony. In The Crucible’s case, dramatic irony is where the audience is aware of something in the play that not all of the characters are. In The Crucible the dramatic irony is that we know that there is no witchcraft, and that Abigail and her friends are pretending, but most of the other characters believe it, or at least take advantage of it. Some of the characters must be left ignorant in order to form a basis to the theme of hysteria and madness, but the idea of dramatic irony is so that it creates the ironic and incredulous situations, and involves the audience more proactively as they know what is going on. In act 1 we think that the girls’ lies will be dismissed as they seem to us so ridiculous, but in Act 2 the true impact of the situation starts to take shape as information of arrests and trials is revealed. By Act 3 the original accusations have manifested into sheer madness which we, as the audience, can see, but the characters cannot. Act 4 does not utilize the tool quite as much as by then Abigail and her peers have unofficially been exposed. The dramatic irony concerning the presence of witchcraft helps to emphasise the theme of hysterical behaviour which, in that respect, has a larger impact on the audience and produces more interesting scenarios from the audience’s 0point of view. Another example of dramatic irony is during Act 3 when Elizabeth Proctor is asked to explain to the court her reasons for dismissing Abigail as her servant, unaware that John had just admitted his affair with her. This scene is perhaps the tensest in the entire play as the fate of Salem rested on Elizabeth confirming that Proctor was an adulterer. However, she lies and tells the court Proctor was not a lecher, not wanting to get him into trouble. ‘Excellency, it is a natural lie to tell’ This is said by Reverend Hale as he too is trying to stop this insanity, and the audience is also frustrated with the situation. Which is one of the key emotions that dramatic irony provokes to sustain the audience’s attention- frustration. Our hopes that the situation will be resolved and our almost angry views to some of the characters ignorance involves us in the plot and helps to share what John Proctor and some of the other characters must be feeling. In order to maintain the suspense and atmosphere in-between acts, Miller makes sure to end the first 3 acts with suspense and cliff-hangers and Act 4 with a big finale. In the ultimate scenes of Act 1, the tension created throughout the start of the play reaches its climax with Abigail and the other Girls accusing various Salem citizens of witchcraft to relieve themselves of attention. Miller has chosen a fantastic way to draw the Act to an unmistakeable close but still retaining the interest of the reader; it draws the events of the night together, satisfying the reader in one element, but has at the same time unleashed a larger and more complex crisis upon Salem, rousing the inquisitive eagerness experienced right from the very start of the play. Act 2 also ends dramatically with Elizabeth’s arrest after Abigail utilizes Mary’s poppet to frame Elizabeth. As in Act 1, it draws the night’s events to a satisfying climax with Elizabeth’s arrest, but also leaves the reader expectant of Act 3’s events with Proctor and Mary planning to expose Abigail. ‘My wife will never die for me! I will bring your guts into your mouth but that goodness will not die for me! ‘ This powerful sentence from Proctor gives the audience hope for Elizabeth and, at the same time, makes sure the audience knows that dramatic events are yet to come. Additional to suspense-filled endings, Miller employs the use of time lapses in-between acts in order to maintain the pace. Between both Acts 1 and 2, and Acts 3 and 4, there is a significant time jump. This way it stops the plot from appearing too dragged out and makes sure that the suspense doesn’t die down so the audience’s interest is still at its peak.

Women Driving in Saudi Arabia Essay - 678 Words

Saudi Arabia is the only county in the world where women are not allowed to drive. In this year 2011, two ladies have been taken to jail for breaking the law and driving in public. The issue of permitting women to drive has become at most controversial and argued issue in Saudi Arabia. People from all over the world start to judge Saudis as backward people, attach the country and criticize the law of Saudi Arabia. Here I would like to get a closer look at the situation and examine the topic in depth in order to have a better understanding. Why women are not allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia? Here we have two opinions; the argument is mainly between the religious or conservative people and liberals in the other hand. Some of Islamic†¦show more content†¦So their main point is to preserve and protect women and their reputations. In the other side, the opponents say that since it’s their right to drive then let’s leave the choice for them to decide for themselves. They are adult and they are fully aware of the situation Saudi Arabia. More over they believe that in the Islamic law there are strict punishments especially for the rapist, where the rape crime is considered as a capital crime. The penalty is to be sentenced to death. In other words â€Å"you can’t close one’s store because there are lots of thieves†. They also say that â€Å"if your main concern is reputation† then what about the other problems that women face. For a girl to go from one place to another, she has to take a taxi to end up being with a stranger. In addition, who is going to satisfy their need of transportation? Not all of the families have good allowance to afford a private driver or to pay the taxi’s fees. In a conclusion a want highlight that the issue is more complicated than it seems. Personally I am looking for the moment where the women are allowed to drive. The king of Saudi Arabia has promised to raise the ban but we need to be patient. Still the majority of Saudis are still against women drive. People need to be more open and the government has to work had to enlarge streets and develop the traffic system. They have also to create special sections that deal with the female’s trafficShow MoreRelatedWomen Driving in Saudi. Why Not?652 Words   |  3 PagesWomen Driving In Saudi Arabia. Why Not? There is no doubt that women driving cars in Saudi Arabia is not the first or the most important issue for women in this country but it is one of the issues that persist on womens insistence on acquiring their own rights as long as there is no religious objection. Until today in Saudi Arabia, women are not allowed to have their own driver’s license. They are not permitted to drive their own cars at any place and at any time. The Saudi governmentRead MoreSaudi Arabian Women And The Obstacles1620 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract THE FOCUS OF THIS PAPER WILL BE ON SAUDI ARABIAN WOMEN AND THE OBSTACLES THEY MUST OVERCOME TO ACCESS HEALTHCARE. WHAT MANY BELIEVE TO BE SHARIAH LAW CONCERNING WOMEN’S RIGHTS OF HEALTHCARE IS ACTUALLY BASED MORE ON TRADITION AND CUSTOM RATHER THAN LAW. UNFORTUNATELY, MANY PEOPLE IN SAUDI ARABIA ARE UNAWARE OF THIS AND STILL ABIDE BY THESE TRADITIONS AS IF THEY ARE LAWS. THESE PEOPLE INCLUDE MEN AND WOMEN, AND MANY HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS. IN SAUDI ARABIA, MOST OF THE POPULATION IS ULTRA CONSERVATIVERead MoreWomen s Education During The Middle East963 Words   |  4 Pages No area of Saudi society has been liable to a larger number of debates than the women and their role in the advancement process. Besides, women rights and obligations issues have been similarly controversial among both conservatives and progressives in Saudi society. Before tackling women education movement in Saudi Arabia, it is important to go over some of the social and political incidents that have shaped Saudi women position. In the previous 50 years the Middle East has faced some realRead MoreSaudi Arabian Women1500 Words   |  6 PagesLimitation Saudi Arabian women should feel free about the way they present themselves in public places. There’re a lot of rules and regulations about what women can wear and do in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Women aren’t allowed to drive, they must always have a guardian, and there are separate buildings and lines for women and men. For example, women must cover her whole body in public and in front of men. In the essay â€Å"Saudis in Bikinis† by Nicholas D. Kristof, talks about a time where he was in Saudi ArabiaRead MoreFLIGHTLESS: An Analysis of the Immobility of Saudi Arabian Women1364 Words   |  6 PagesHow this communicate women oppression and the basis for such denouement will now undertake a focal point in the course of this study. In 2001, Saudi Arabi ratified the UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) which defined discrimination in the following terms: Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of theirRead MoreArgument Essay Outline903 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction a. Hook: Women make up one half of society. Our society will remain backward and in chains unless its women are liberated, enlightened, and educated b. Background Information: women play important role in the family, men in Saudi Arabia consider women as a second sort. c. Opposing Position: Men in Saudi Arabia believe women should enjoy their lives and follow religious customs d. Thesis Statement: women in Saudi Arabia are deprived many rights, such as driving and social restrictionsRead MoreWomen Of Saudi Women s Rights1663 Words   |  7 PagesMohammed Ashgan†¨Profesor Stimpson†¨RHET 110-17†¨17 October 2014 Saudi Women’s Rights Should women be allowed to drive cars in Saudi Arabia? On the first page of the first chapter of everything’s an argument, the author states about â€Å"It (The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) is the only country in the world, which forbids women to drive.† The first thing one should know when discussing this issue is that the country of Saudi Arabia operates under strict â€Å"sharia† laws that are an interpretation of Sunni IslamRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1336 Words   |  6 Pages Women can not drive, can not leave the house without male permission, and are only considered half a witness;which is half of what a male is. Today they are not treated equally and never have been, they are also being treated differently around the world. They need to be treated the same and equally as men are. Females are capable of the same things men can do and should be allowed to. Many women have protested in Women’s Rights Movements and now some things are starting to change, but not allRead MoreHow Is It Different Countries?1444 Words   |  6 Pagesand systems of stratification and inequality in Saudi Arabia and UAE. As a woman living in one county could be totally different than living in another one. Women s status could be challenging in some countries and could be easy in another. Women s status in each society and culture differs in different ways around the world. In some societies, women s status improved progressively, while in other, it dropped or remained unimproved. Saudi Arabia has its own traditions that are carried from anRead MoreThe Culture Of Saudi Arabia1588 Words   |  7 Pages THE CULTURE OF SAUDI ARABIA SSG LUCAS, TIMOTHY 13B40 SENIOR LEADER COURSE (003-17) THE CULTURE OF SAUDI ARABIA The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a very diverse group of people with a heavy religious background. The Kingdom, located on the Arabian Peninsula situated amongst a very hot and arid climate. The people of Saudi Arabia remain very family oriented and have transformed from a nomadic culture to a very wealthy and thriving nation, largely due to their

Learn How to Write a Business Letter in French

Writing a job letter (une  lettre  demploi)  in French can be a challenge. You need to be professional, but if youre still learning the language, this can be difficult to convey. At times, it is best to look at an example so you know where to begin. When writing the letter, remember to be as polite as possible and follow the formula outlined in this sample. With a little attention to the details, like the salutation and opening of your letter, you will be constructing great correspondence in no time. Sample Correspondance Commerciale This sample business letter, or correspondance commerciale,  is to give you an outline for using  business letter formulas  in French. The various sections are notated using brackets  and it is much easier if you construct the letter piece by piece. You can use this sample as a template for your own letter. Simply replace the sentences as needed to fit your particular requirements. The formula works well for job applications as well as other types of formal business correspondence.   New York,  le  10  novembre  2012Monsieur Georges UNTELEntreprise fictive46, rue Jenesaisquoi12345 UNEVILLESonpaysMonsieur Untel [salutation],Jai lhonneur de vous informer [open letter] que jai bien reà §u votre lettre du 6 novembre 2000 [confirm receipt]. Cest avec plaisir [express pleasure] que jaccepte le poste de traductrice de votre site web que vous moffrez [accept/refuse offer].Je regrette vivement de ne pas pouvoir commencer immà ©diatement [express regret]. Je serais disponible à   partir du 20 novembre [availability/contact info]. Jespà ¨re que vous voudrez bien me faire savoir si cette date vous conviendra [make request].En vous remerciant de la confiance que vous me tà ©moignez [pre-close], je vous prie dagrà ©er, Monsieur Untel, lassurance de ma considà ©ration distinguà ©e.Laura K. Lawlessmon adresse, mon numà ©ro de tà ©là ©phone et cetera Salutations (Les  saluts) Just as it is in English, the salutation you use in the letter is extremely important. Your choice will leave an impression on the reader that may influence how they interpret the rest of the letter. Be sure to choose wisely and use the appropriate address. It would be impossible to list every possible title, but this list should give you an idea of how to address your letter. Monsieur, Madame To whom it may concern Messieurs Dear Sirs Monsieur Dear Sir Madame Dear Madam Mademoiselle Dear Miss Monsieur le Directeur Dear Director Monsieur le Ministre Dear Minister Monsieur/Madame le* Professeur Dear Professor... Cher/Chre + salutation Used only if you know the person that you are writing to *In so-called standard French, the word  professeur  is always masculine. However in Quà ©bec and parts of Switzerland, there is a feminine version:  la  professeure, so pay attention to the country of the person you are addressing. Opening the Letter (Pour commencer la lettre) As important as the salutation, your opening sentence sets the tone for the letter. Compose this carefully or the reader may not bother reading the entire thing.   The following phrases are good choices when your letters intent is to inquire about employment. They cover most job application situations, from responding to an advertisement to inquiring about open positions at a company. Je me rfre votre annonce parue dans... With reference to your advertisement in... Me rfrant votre annonce... In reply to your advertisement... Votre annonce parue dans... a retenu toute mon attention. Your ad in... caught my attention. Je me permets de poser ma candidature pour le poste de... / au poste de... I wish to apply for the post of... Je vous serais trs reconnaissant(e) de... I would be very grateful if you could... ...bien vouloir menvoyer des renseignements plus complets sur le poste de... ... send me more information about the position of... ...me faire savoir sil me serait possible dobtenir un emploi dans votre entreprise. ...tell me if there is any possibility of work in your company.

My Research on Abortion - 1596 Words

1. What did you learn about doing research? While conducting my research on abortion, I learned that there were different types of medical procedures that abortionist utilized when aborting an embryo and fetus. However, I was familiar with what an abortion is, but never imagined the grotesque, inhumane, and heinous techniques used to abort a human being even at the late stages of pregnancy. After watching numerous online videos of these procedures, I feel it is morally wrong to have an abortion because there are thousands of women that cannot have children and have exhausted all the possible ways to do so. In conclusion, completing this project and viewing these graphical pictures has given me a clearer understand what the process entailed and how it was implemented. 2. How did you do your research? I researched this topic by viewing journal articles in the Baker College Database from the library. I looked for books on the subject of Abortion to get a better sense what the procedure entailed and how it was conducted. I also utilized the internet to look for pictures and statistics on Abortion. I finished the research project by looking for client testimonies on their experience with the procedure and their well-being prior and after having it completed. 3. Did you learn how to do research in a new way? However, I did not learn how to do research in a new way. I conducted my research the same way that I do for all my other projects. I usually have a system andShow MoreRelatedAbortion : A Controversial Ethical, Legal And Public Health Issue824 Words   |  4 PagesWhether or not abortion should be restricted in the law is a controversial ethical, legal and public health issue that affects us all. While some countries have a legal restriction on abortion, Canada has no legal constraints: abortion is regulated and determined by the health act. Liberalization movements of abortion laws in Canada started in the 1960s by both feminist groups and the medical profession. This was found necessary to address the rise in mortality rates of pregnant women. A provincialRead MoreMorality Of Abortion s Argument1207 Words   |  5 Pages Morality of Abortion Counter-Argument Kyle Pedigo PHI 103: Informal Logic Micheal Pelt August 29, 2015 â€Æ' Morality of Abortion This paper is written to present a counter argument. This is a counter argument to a debate that has been around for a very long time and likely will not go away any time soon. The topic I will be covering is: Does the stage of pregnancy affect the morality of abortion? In my opinion I have to say no. But, my opinion is not the subject of this paper. My original argumentRead MoreAmerican History: Fighting for the Freedom of Choice763 Words   |  3 PagesAbortions being made illegal in the late 1880’s created a lot of â€Å"underground† abortion procedures. The abortions performed were not safe, they were expensive, and often time’s male doctors would force women to have intimate relations with them before the procedure. In the 1950s, about a million illegal abortions a year were performed in the U.S., and over a thousand of those women died each year as a result. It wasn’t until the civil rights and antiwar movements in the 1960’s that women be gan toRead MorePro Choice And Pro Life1231 Words   |  5 PagesBrooke Weaver Mrs. Denton Honors 8th LA January 20, 2016 Research Paper I-Search: What I Learned About My Topic Abortion is one of the most heated moral debates all over the United States. Many people say that your view on the topic shows the type of person you are. There are two sides to this debate: Pro-Choice and Pro-life. In this case when you are Pro-choice you believe that women have the custody and rights to do what they want to with their baby. While many people believe in the women’s rightRead MoreAbortion All Sides of the Issue1532 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion: All Sides of the Issue When you think of abortion, the first thing that comes to mind is the death of an unborn child. Trying to identify all possible sides of the issue of abortion is a difficult task. Choosing a side is even harder. Although abortion issues are not recognized and discussed any longer, it is still a serious matter and continues today. The research that has been done on the sensitive subject of abortion has been going on for quite some time now. The Definition of Life Read MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Abortion1571 Words   |  7 PagesControversial Issue of Abortion According to Different Faiths The American Heritage Medical Dictionary defines abortion as the â€Å"induced termination of a pregnancy with destruction of the embryo or fetus.† A study conducted by Planned Parenthood found that three out of every ten women over the age of forty-five, have had an abortion. Terminating a pregnancy by abortion catalyzes many disagreements on whether a woman is destroying a human life or not. This type of controversy that follows abortion affects almostRead MoreThe On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women1141 Words   |  5 PagesDiscrimination against Women (CEDAW), article 14 of Maternal Health Act 1948 is problematic since it states that ‘[t]he women are required to get content from their spouses in order to obtain an abortion’ (CEDAW, 2016, para. 38 (b)). However, the actual description in it is a doctor ‘may perform an Induced Abortion on a person who falls under any of the following items after obtaining consent from the relev ant person and the spouse’ (Maternal Health Act 1948, Art. 14 (1)). In other words, it does not regulateRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Women s Abortion : Quantitative And Qualitative Perspectives On Sexual And Reproductive Health1063 Words   |  5 Pages A. M. (2005). Reasons U.S. women have abortions: Quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(3), 110-8. This study addressed the reasons behind why women choose to have abortions. Specifically, the researcher focused on both qualitative and quantitative perspectives to determine the factors that contribute to the decision to have an abortion. Using structured survey, the researcher included 1,209 abortion patients at 11 large providers. The studyRead MoreAbortion Is An Immoral Act Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper on Abortion I have chosen to write my research paper on one of the most controversial topics in today’s society that I could think of. I chose this topic because it something that is often argued and fought over, but most individuals do not actually know all the facts and statistics about the specific topic. I have chosen to write my research paper about abortion. I hope that I can persuade my readers that abortion is an immoral act, an act that should not be thought of so lightlyRead MoreAbortion Is Unsafe And Should Be Illegal1487 Words   |  6 Pagescould you do this to me ¨. Abortion is a horrific experience, that no one should ever endure. I am Pro-Life because of the consequences for mothers, the availability of adoption instead of abortion, and finally the Pro-Life movements in America. First I d like to talk about the consequences for mothers. This is a big reason why I think abortion is unsafe and should be illegal. The first thing I want to address is the mental state of the mothers who have had an abortion. Most times the mental state

Globalization and Cultures of Business

Question: Discuss about the Globalization and Cultures of Business. Answer: Introduction: Globalization process has been a subject of interest to many researchers and entrepreneurs in recent years (Victor, 2012). In the past few years, firms have been playing a significant role in the global economy with most of them expand to foreign countries or at least having the idea of globalizing their operations (Magdalena, 2016). Organizations have been expanding their businesses to the international markets and use their diversification in the global market as a vital tool to attain a competitive advantage and the much-anticipated progress. Companies cannot approach Internationalization process without coming up with a strategy for achieving the organizational goals and objectives (Rijmenam, 2014). Without establishing proper plans, any firm that intends to expand operations in a foreign country is bound to fail. Planning to globalize involves coming up with an appropriate decision on when to globalize, the globalization strategy, and the nature of the target market. The internationalization process involves taking risks and uncertainties. Therefore, companies are required to come up with a good strategy to overcome the risks and uncertainties (Natalia, 2012). The company should take enough time to prepare on how to penetrate in the new market by obtaining helpful information concerning nature of the target market, the cultural background, and so forth. The purpose of this research is to find out the factors that impact organizations from expanding their operations to emerging markets. The study will seek to fulfill three objectives. These objectives are: To determine the strategies used by organizations that attempt to expand their operations in the emerging markets: To explore the barriers realized firms in their efforts to internationalize in the emerging markets: Determine the correlation between the expansion of a company to the emerging markets and performance. This chapter will present the data collection techniques that will be used in the study. The study will employ the utilization of a questionnaire as the preferred method for data collection and the mechanism for choosing the samples. This chapter will also discuss the ideologies and methodologies of the research as well as the perspectives of the investigation with a primary concern on the strategy and approach. The methodology chapter will also justify the reason why the given strategy was ideal for this study. Descriptive research design will be used in this study. The researcher will go to the population to obtain information concerning the factors affecting the successful internalization of companies in emerging markets. The descriptive research design is ideal for this study because it has various advantages (Taylor, 2012). Some of these benefits include; it allows the researcher to observe subjects in their natural set up without interfering with the environment (Staley 2010). It also allows the researcher to obtain data from scores of cases, hence making it more representatives. How to source data This study shall rely on both secondary and primary data. The researcher will visit the company of interest to obtain information concerning the possible factors that have been preventing it from internationalizing in the emerging markets. The researcher will also read some stored books that the company as documented concerning its experience on expanding its operations to the emerging markets. The importance of using both primary and secondary data in this research is that it shall allow comparison to be made to determine the reliability of the data (Barbara, 2015). The main collection tool will be self-administered questionnaires and shall assist in collecting primary data from the respondents. The questionnaires will be distributed to the management of McDonald for a specified time. References Barbara. J. (2015). Cluster Organization as a Pro-Internationalization Form of Cooperation in the SME Sector - a Polish Case in the European Context. Journal of Economics Management, 22(1), 90-110 Magdalena. S. (2016). Growth and Internationalization of Fast Growing Firms *. Journal for East European Management Studies, 21(2), 678-800. Natalia. K. (2011). The Market Orientation-Innovation-Success Relationship: The Role of Internationalization Strategy. Innovation: Management, Policy Practice, 13(1), 879-900. Rijmenam, M. (2014). Think Bigger: Developing a Successful Big Data Strategy for Your Business. New York: American Management Association Staley. P. (2010). Foreign Firms, Investment, and Environmental Regulation in the Peoples Republic of China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Taylor. D. (2012). Globalization and the Cultures of Business in Africa: From Patrimonialism to Profit. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press Victor. D. (2012). Models for the Internationalization of the Business: A Diversity-Based Approach. Management Marketing, 7(1), 67-89